Difference between revisions of "Have"
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=full verb= | =full verb= | ||
| − | "have" is used both for the idea of "possession" / "ownership" (I have a house.) and the notion of "being the seat of" (I have a headache. I don't have a clue.). This second meaning | + | "have" is used both for the idea of "possession" / "ownership" (I have a house.) and the notion of "being the seat of" (I have a headache. I don't have a clue.). This second meaning is less common in English than in French. (Cf. ''avoir faim'', ''avoir froid'', ''avoir mal'', tous traduit par '''be''' en anglais) |
*Il est toujours correct d'employer l'auxiliaire '''do''' avec le verbe plein "have". | *Il est toujours correct d'employer l'auxiliaire '''do''' avec le verbe plein "have". | ||
| − | *Il est rarement correct de s'en passer. (sauf dans un registre très recherché ou | + | *Il est rarement correct de s'en passer. (sauf dans un registre très recherché ou poétique... e.g. I haven't enough mittens for all of my kittens!) |
=Perfect aspect= | =Perfect aspect= | ||
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=Obligation= | =Obligation= | ||
| − | + | When combined with the function word ''to'' + <span style="font-variant:small-caps;color:#402;">Verb</span>, ''have'' functions as a marker of obligation. | |
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| − | <p>Cf. [[WS:haveto|Worksheet on <i>have to</i>]]</p> | + | :<span style="color:#402;font-variant:small-caps;">present</span>: has to V /<span style="color:#060;">hæstə'verb</span>/ (3s); |
| + | :::: have to V /<span style="color:#060;">hæftə'verb</span>/ (1st s, pl; 2nd s, pl; 3rd pl) | ||
| + | :<span style="color:#402;font-variant:small-caps;">past</span>: had to V /<span style="color:#060;">hædtə'verb</span>/ | ||
| + | :<span style="color:#402;font-variant:small-caps;">future</span>: 'll have to V /<span style="color:#060;">(ə)lhæftə'verb</span>/ | ||
| + | <br><hr> | ||
| + | ::<p style="font-size:70%;"><i>Cf.</i> [[WS:haveto|Worksheet on <i>have to</i>]]</p> | ||
=Causative= | =Causative= | ||
Latest revision as of 06:50, 26 May 2020
Forms
- dictionary form (bare infinitive): have
- present tense: has (3s), have (1s/p, 2s/p, 3p)
- past tense: had
- present participle: having
- past participle: had
light verb
"Have" est un verbe (comme get, put, make, etc.) qui peut remplacer d'autres verbes plus précis dans le langage courant. Ci-dessous des exemples typiques des phrases où "having X" serait plus fréquemment utilisé pour décrire une activité telle que eating, inviting, giving birth, or experiencing.
- We're having tuna casserole tonight.
- They're having us over for dinner.
- I'm having a baby.
- I'm having contractions.
- overheard on 1 January: "No, seriously, I had a bath last year."
Some further examples:
- We're having (some) trouble ... Ving
- ... meeting the production schedule.
- ... getting paid.
full verb
"have" is used both for the idea of "possession" / "ownership" (I have a house.) and the notion of "being the seat of" (I have a headache. I don't have a clue.). This second meaning is less common in English than in French. (Cf. avoir faim, avoir froid, avoir mal, tous traduit par be en anglais)
- Il est toujours correct d'employer l'auxiliaire do avec le verbe plein "have".
- Il est rarement correct de s'en passer. (sauf dans un registre très recherché ou poétique... e.g. I haven't enough mittens for all of my kittens!)
Perfect aspect
"Have" is the auxiliary for the so-called perfect tenses. In the perfect the main verb is in the past participle form, e.g. driven, written, bought, seen, been, etc.
- past perfect: had driven
- present perfect: has driven (3s), have driven (1s/p, 2s/p, 3p)
- future perfect: will have driven
- perfect infinitive: (to) have driven
- perfect participle: having driven
L'aspect "perfectif" est employé pour faire le bilan jusqu'à un point de répère dans le temps, e.g.
- I have (still) never been to Italy. Je ne suis toujours pas allé(e) en Italie.
- I had never been to Italy before I went last Easter. Je n'avais jamais mis les pieds en Italie, avant d'y être allé(e) pour Pâques.
- I will have finished by Monday. J'aurai terminé lundi.
Obligation
When combined with the function word to + Verb, have functions as a marker of obligation.
- present: has to V /hæstə'verb/ (3s);
- have to V /hæftə'verb/ (1st s, pl; 2nd s, pl; 3rd pl)
- past: had to V /hædtə'verb/
- future: 'll have to V /(ə)lhæftə'verb/
Causative
- have so do sth
- I had my brother call the tax office. (i.e. my brother called the tax office because I asked him to.)
- I had the intern cover the city council meeting (i.e. I sent the intern (stagiaire) to report on the city council meeting.)
- have sth done
- I had my hair colored.
- I had my car serviced. (by a registered mechanic)
