Difference between revisions of "Have"

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(→‎full verb)
 
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have
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=Forms=
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<ul>
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<li>dictionary form (bare infinitive): <span style="color:#4D0000;">have</span></li>
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<li>present tense:  <span style="color:#4D0000;">has</span> (3s), <span style="color:#4D0000;">have</span> (1s/p, 2s/p, 3p)</li>
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<li>past tense: <span style="color:#4D0000;">had</span></li>
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</ul>
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<br>
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<ul>
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<li>present participle: <span style="color:#4D0000;">having</span></li>
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<li>past participle: <span style="color:#4D0000;">had</span></li>
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</ul>
  
 
=light verb=
 
=light verb=
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A light verb is a verb for which the semantic charge or load is "light". In other words it can be used anywhere, (verbe à tout <i>faire</i>). Here "have" replaces more precise (or semantically heavy) words like <i>eating, inviting, carrying, growing, or experiencing</i>.
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"Have" est un verbe (comme ''get'', ''put'', ''make'', etc.) qui peut remplacer d'autres verbes plus précis dans le langage courant. Ci-dessous des exemples typiques des phrases où "having X" serait plus fréquemment utilisé pour décrire une activité telle que <i>eating, inviting, giving birth, or experiencing</i>.
  
 
*We're having tuna casserole tonight.
 
*We're having tuna casserole tonight.
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*I'm having a baby.
 
*I'm having a baby.
 
*I'm having contractions.
 
*I'm having contractions.
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*<span style="color:#888;font-variant:small-caps;">overheard on 1 January</span>: "No, seriously, I had a bath last year."
  
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The above are all events, though because <i>be + ing</i> represents either current or future time in 1-3, only the 3rd and 4th examples refer to an event that is in motion as the speaker speaks.
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Some further examples:
  
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*We're having (<i>some</i>) trouble...
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*We're having (<i>some</i>) trouble <span style="color:darkred;">... V</span>ing
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**<span style="color:darkred;">... V</span>ing
 
 
**<span style="color:darkred;">... meet</span>ing the production schedule.
 
**<span style="color:darkred;">... meet</span>ing the production schedule.
 
**<span style="color:darkred;">... get</span>ting paid.
 
**<span style="color:darkred;">... get</span>ting paid.
  
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*I'm having (some) trouble with...
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=full verb=
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**the fridge
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**the <abbr title="'maɪ kroʊ weɪv">microwave</abbr>
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"have" is used both for the idea of "possession" / "ownership" (I have a house.) and the notion of "being the seat of" (I have a headache.  I don't have a clue.). This second meaning  is less common in English than in French. (Cf. ''avoir faim'', ''avoir froid'', ''avoir mal'', tous traduit par '''be''' en anglais)
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**the sales figures
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**this door
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*Il est toujours correct d'employer l'auxiliaire '''do''' avec le verbe plein "have".
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*Il est rarement correct de s'en passer.  (sauf dans un registre très recherché ou poétique... e.g. I haven't enough mittens for all of my kittens!)
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=Perfect aspect=
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"Have" is the auxiliary for the so-called perfect tenses.  In the perfect the main verb is in the past participle form, e.g. driven, written, bought, seen, been, etc.
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:past perfect:  <span style="color:#4D0000;">had driven</span>
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:present perfect: <span style="color:#4D0000;">has driven</span> (3s), <span style="color:#4D0000;">have driven</span> (1s/p, 2s/p, 3p)
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:future perfect:  <span style="color:#4D0000;">will have driven</span>
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:perfect infinitive:  (to) <span style="color:#4D0000;">have driven</span>
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:perfect participle:  <span style="color:#4D0000;">having driven</span> 
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L'aspect "perfectif" est employé pour faire le bilan jusqu'à un point de répère dans le temps, e.g.
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*I <span style="color:#4D0000;">have</span> (still) never <span style="color:#4D0000;">been</span> to Italy.  <span style="font-size:x-small;">''Je ne suis toujours pas allé(e) en Italie.''</span>
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*I <span style="color:#4D0000;">had</span> never <span style="color:#4D0000;">been</span> to Italy before I went last Easter.  <span style="font-size:x-small;">''Je n'avais jamais mis les pieds en Italie, avant d'y être allé(e) pour Pâques.''</span>
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*I <span style="color:#4D0000;">will have finished</span> by Monday.  <span style="font-size:x-small;">''J'aurai terminé lundi.''</span>
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=Obligation=
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When combined with the function word ''to'' + <span style="font-variant:small-caps;color:#402;">Verb</span>, ''have'' functions as a marker of obligation.
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:<span style="color:#402;font-variant:small-caps;">present</span>: has to V /<span style="color:#060;">hæstə'verb</span>/ (3s);
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::::  have to V /<span style="color:#060;">hæftə'verb</span>/ (1st s, pl; 2nd s, pl; 3rd pl)
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:<span style="color:#402;font-variant:small-caps;">past</span>: had to V  /<span style="color:#060;">hædtə'verb</span>/
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:<span style="color:#402;font-variant:small-caps;">future</span>: 'll have to V /<span style="color:#060;">(ə)lhæftə'verb</span>/
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<br><hr>
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::<p style="font-size:70%;"><i>Cf.</i> &nbsp;&nbsp;  [[WS:haveto|Worksheet on <i>have to</i>]]</p>
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=Causative=
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:have <span style="color:darkgreen;font-variant:small-caps;">so</span> do <span style="color:darkgreen;font-variant:small-caps;">sth</span>
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::I had my brother call the tax office.  (i.e.  my brother called the tax office because I asked him to.)
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::I had the intern cover the city council meeting (i.e. I sent the intern (''stagiaire'') to report on the city council meeting.)
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:have <span style="color:darkgreen;font-variant:small-caps;">sth</span> done
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::I had my hair colored.
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::I had my car serviced.  (by a registered mechanic)
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 +
 
  
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=perfect tenses=
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[[Category:100-en]]
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=obligation=
 

Latest revision as of 06:50, 26 May 2020

Forms

  • dictionary form (bare infinitive): have
  • present tense: has (3s), have (1s/p, 2s/p, 3p)
  • past tense: had


  • present participle: having
  • past participle: had

light verb

"Have" est un verbe (comme get, put, make, etc.) qui peut remplacer d'autres verbes plus précis dans le langage courant. Ci-dessous des exemples typiques des phrases où "having X" serait plus fréquemment utilisé pour décrire une activité telle que eating, inviting, giving birth, or experiencing.

  • We're having tuna casserole tonight.
  • They're having us over for dinner.
  • I'm having a baby.
  • I'm having contractions.
  • overheard on 1 January: "No, seriously, I had a bath last year."

Some further examples:

  • We're having (some) trouble ... Ving
    • ... meeting the production schedule.
    • ... getting paid.

full verb

"have" is used both for the idea of "possession" / "ownership" (I have a house.) and the notion of "being the seat of" (I have a headache. I don't have a clue.). This second meaning is less common in English than in French. (Cf. avoir faim, avoir froid, avoir mal, tous traduit par be en anglais)

  • Il est toujours correct d'employer l'auxiliaire do avec le verbe plein "have".
  • Il est rarement correct de s'en passer. (sauf dans un registre très recherché ou poétique... e.g. I haven't enough mittens for all of my kittens!)

Perfect aspect

"Have" is the auxiliary for the so-called perfect tenses. In the perfect the main verb is in the past participle form, e.g. driven, written, bought, seen, been, etc.

past perfect: had driven
present perfect: has driven (3s), have driven (1s/p, 2s/p, 3p)
future perfect: will have driven
perfect infinitive: (to) have driven
perfect participle: having driven

L'aspect "perfectif" est employé pour faire le bilan jusqu'à un point de répère dans le temps, e.g.

  • I have (still) never been to Italy. Je ne suis toujours pas allé(e) en Italie.
  • I had never been to Italy before I went last Easter. Je n'avais jamais mis les pieds en Italie, avant d'y être allé(e) pour Pâques.
  • I will have finished by Monday. J'aurai terminé lundi.

Obligation

When combined with the function word to + Verb, have functions as a marker of obligation.

present: has to V /hæstə'verb/ (3s);
have to V /hæftə'verb/ (1st s, pl; 2nd s, pl; 3rd pl)
past: had to V /hædtə'verb/
future: 'll have to V /(ə)lhæftə'verb/

Cf.    Worksheet on have to

Causative

have so do sth
I had my brother call the tax office. (i.e. my brother called the tax office because I asked him to.)
I had the intern cover the city council meeting (i.e. I sent the intern (stagiaire) to report on the city council meeting.)
have sth done
I had my hair colored.
I had my car serviced. (by a registered mechanic)
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