Difference between revisions of "Like"

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 +
<h1>pronunciation</h1>
 +
<ul>
 +
<li>prep: <span style="color:green;">laɪk</span></li>
 +
<li>verb: <span style="color:green;">laɪk // laɪks</span> (3rd pers. pres.)<span style="color:green;"> // laɪkt</span> (past)</li>
 +
</ul>
 +
 
<h1>preposition</h1>
 
<h1>preposition</h1>
 
<h2>translation</h2>
 
<h2>translation</h2>
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<li>If March comes in <u>like</u> a lion, it will go out <u>like</u> a lamb.  (fierce winds March 1 -> a gentle breeze March 31)</li>
 
<li>If March comes in <u>like</u> a lion, it will go out <u>like</u> a lamb.  (fierce winds March 1 -> a gentle breeze March 31)</li>
 
<li>"Someone like you",  (Adèle) / "Like a hurricane", (Neil Young)</li>
 
<li>"Someone like you",  (Adèle) / "Like a hurricane", (Neil Young)</li>
−
<li>"The ice was here, the ice was there, / The ice was all around: / It cracked and growled, and roared and howled, / Like noises in a swound" (Coleridge, "Rime of the Ancient Mariner")</li>
+
<li>"The ice was here, the ice was there, / The ice was all around: / It cracked and growled, and roared and howled, / <span style="color:darkred;">Like</span> noises in a swound" (Coleridge, "Rime of the Ancient Mariner")</li>
−
<li>"The Albatross fell off, and sank / like <abbr title="plomb">lead</abbr> into the sea" (Coleridge, "Rime of the Ancient Mariner")</li>
+
<li>"The Albatross fell off, and sank / <span style="color:darkred;">like</span> <abbr title="plomb">lead</abbr> into the sea" (Coleridge, "Rime of the Ancient Mariner")</li>
−
<li>"like a leaf clings to a tree, oh my darling cling to me..." (two extraordinary voices: [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pMICp0gwZic David Bowie], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CiVDzTT4CbE Nina Simone], "Wild is the Wind", [http://www.sing365.com/music/lyric.nsf/Wild-Is-The-Wind-lyrics-David-Bowie/A430A1ABD46F8FA3482568A200319160 lyrics])
+
<li>"<span style="color:darkred;">like</span> a leaf clings to a tree, oh my darling cling to me..." (two extraordinary voices: [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pMICp0gwZic David Bowie], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CiVDzTT4CbE Nina Simone], "Wild is the Wind", [http://www.sing365.com/music/lyric.nsf/Wild-Is-The-Wind-lyrics-David-Bowie/A430A1ABD46F8FA3482568A200319160 lyrics])
 
</ul>
 
</ul>
  
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<div style="font-size:0.875em;">
 
<div style="font-size:0.875em;">
−
<p >NB:  comme is translated as as when it means "in the role of" / <i>en tant que</i>:
+
<p>NB:  <i>comme</i> is translated as <i>as</i> when it means "in the role of" / <i>en tant que</i>:
−
<ul>
+
  <ul>
−
<li><i>comme contribuable</i>: As a taxpayer</li>
+
    <li><i>comme contribuable</i>: As a taxpayer</li>
−
<li><i>comme tout contribuable, je...</i> = Like any taxpayer, I</li>
+
    <li><i>comme tout contribuable, je...</i> = Like any taxpayer, I...</li>
−
</ul></p>   
+
  </ul>
 +
</p>   
 +
 
 +
 
 
</div>
 
</div>
  
 
<h3>Sense verbs (verbs of perception)</h3>
 
<h3>Sense verbs (verbs of perception)</h3>
  
−
However when associated with a sense verb the meaning is of the two words together (looks like) is more <b>on dirait qu(e / 'il) </b>:</p>
+
<p>When used with a sense verb (taste, smell, look, sound, feel) the meaning of the two words together (looks like) is often best translated more simply in French as <i>on dirait qu(e)</i>:</p>
 
<ul>
 
<ul>
−
<li>looks like: <i>avoir l'air de, on dirait qu'il</i>
+
<li>look(s) like: <i>avoir l'air de, on dirait qu'il</i>
 
   <ul>
 
   <ul>
 
   <li>(It) looks like rain.</li> (<i>On dirait qu'il va pleuvoir</i>)</li>
 
   <li>(It) looks like rain.</li> (<i>On dirait qu'il va pleuvoir</i>)</li>
Line 34: Line 43:
 
     </li>
 
     </li>
 
   </ul>
 
   </ul>
−
<li>feels like: <i>se sentir / on dirait de / notion de toucher</i></li>
+
<li>feel(s) like: <i>on dirait que, (au toucher), avoir envie de, se sentir</i></li>
 
   <ul>
 
   <ul>
 
     <li>It feels like silk but maybe it's synthetic.</li>   
 
     <li>It feels like silk but maybe it's synthetic.</li>   
 
     <li>I feel like hell this morning.</li>
 
     <li>I feel like hell this morning.</li>
 +
    <li>I felt like working late last night.</li>
 +
 
   </ul>
 
   </ul>
 
</li>
 
</li>
  
−
<li>tastes like: <i>avoir le/un gout de</i>
+
<li>taste(s) like: <i>avoir le/un gout de</i>
 
   <ul>
 
   <ul>
 
   <li>Do frog legs taste more like chicken or more like beef?</li>
 
   <li>Do frog legs taste more like chicken or more like beef?</li>
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</li>
 
</li>
  
−
<li>smells like: <i>avoir l'odeur de</i>
+
<li>smell(s) like: <i>avoir l'odeur de</i>
 
   <ul>
 
   <ul>
 
     <li>It smells like onions in here.</li>
 
     <li>It smells like onions in here.</li>
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</li>
 
</li>
  
−
<li>sounds like: <i>avoir l'air de:  (au téléphone)</i></li>   
+
<li>sound(s) like: <i>avoir l'air de:  (au téléphone)</i></li>   
 
   <ul>
 
   <ul>
 
     <li>You sound like you're not feeling very well.</li>
 
     <li>You sound like you're not feeling very well.</li>
Line 62: Line 73:
 
</ul>
 
</ul>
  
−
<li>seems like: <i>avoir l'air de, on dirait</i>
+
<li>seem(s) like: <i>avoir l'air de, on dirait</i>
 
   <ul>
 
   <ul>
 
       <li>It seems like it's working</li>
 
       <li>It seems like it's working</li>
 
       <li>They seem like nice people.</li>
 
       <li>They seem like nice people.</li>
 
   </ul>
 
   </ul>
 +
</li>
 +
 +
</ul>
 
<h2>etymology</h2>
 
<h2>etymology</h2>
−
 
+
<p style="margin:25px 50px; border-style:ridge; border-width:5px; border-color:darkred; padding:15px; 8px;">"having the same characteristics or qualities" (as another), Middle English shortening of Old English <i>gelic</i> "like, similar," from Proto-Germanic <i>*galika-</i> "having the same form," literally "with a corresponding body" (cf. Old Saxon <i>gilik</i>, Dutch <i>gelijk</i>, German <i>gleich</i>, Gothic <i>galeiks</i> "equally, like"), a compound of <i>*ga-</i> "with, together" + Germanic base <i>*lik-</i> "body, form; like, same" (cf. Old English <i>lic</i> "body," German <i>Leiche</i> "corpse," Danish <i>lig</i>, Swedish <i>lik</i>, Dutch <i>lijk</i> "body, corpse"). Analogous, etymologically, to Latin <i>conform</i>. <br>
−
 
+
<b>The modern form</b> (rather than <i>*lich</i> Cf. <i>-ly</i>) <b>may be from a northern descendant of the Old English word's Norse cognate, <i>glikr</i></b>.</p>
−
 
 
  
 
<h1>verb</h1>
 
<h1>verb</h1>
 +
<h2>semantics</h2>
 +
<p><i>aimer (bien)</i> --> <span style="color:darkblue;">like</span><br>
 +
<i>aimer (d'amour)</i> --> <span style="color:hotpink;">love</span></p>
  
−
<p><i>aimer (bien)</i> --> <span style="color:darkred;">like</span>.<br>
+
<span style="color:hotpink;">love</span>, like <span style="color:darkblue;">like</span> is a state verb. It is generally considered <u>in</u>compatible with the grammatical structure <span style="color:darkred;">be + ing</span>.  However, social networks -- in particular facebook -- have helped to create an event reading of "like":  "I liked all of his photos this afternoon, each and every one of them!"
−
<i>aimer (d'amour)</i> --> <span style="color:hotpink;">love</span></p>
 
  
−
<h2>Verb + (direct) object</h2>
+
<h2>syntax: Verb + (direct) object</h2>
 
<p>2 arguments (subject + predicate), "transitive"</p>
 
<p>2 arguments (subject + predicate), "transitive"</p>
  
 
<ul>
 
<ul>
−
<li>Infinitivals:  He likes to read her tweets.  (whenever it happens that she tweets)</li>
+
<li>Infinitivals:  They like to read her tweets.  (whenever it happens that she tweets)</li>
−
<li>Participials: He likes reading her tweets. (while he's reading them)</li>
+
<li>Participials: They like reading her tweets. (while they're reading them, or more generally)</li>
 
<li>Other NPs: She likes her rabbit.  She doesn't like cats.</li>
 
<li>Other NPs: She likes her rabbit.  She doesn't like cats.</li>
−
<li>Animate subject:  My pet rock likes sleeping up there on the shelf.</li>
+
<li>Inanimate subject implies personification:   
 +
<ul><li>My pet rock likes sleeping up there on the shelf. </li>
 +
<li>Trouble seems to like coming to this part of town.</li></ul></li>
 
</ul>
 
</ul>
  
 +
<h2>Morphology</h2>
 +
<p><i>like</i> is regular in both the present and past tense.</p>
  
−
<h1>discourse marker</h1>
+
It takes -s [<span style="color:green;">s</span>] (3rd pers. sing.), and -d [<span style="color:green;">t</span>]
 +
 
 +
<h1>Discourse marker</h1>
 +
<p>Young people tend to overuse <i>like</i> as a discourse marker, in some cases it can mark a change of speaker/perspective, in others it seems to be used as a filler while a person is thinking of what they want to say, but more generally it marks a point at which eye-contact is frequent, the speaker warns the listener to conjure up a paradigm similar to what will be said next, attention!  cognitive work ahead. It is not considered good usage, though it has become a characteristic of both US English and like, you know, globisch. :D
 +
 +
<ul>
 +
<li> "She was all like "I'm not doing it." and stuff until I told her there was blueberry pie in the oven."</li>
 +
<li> I was, like, you know, WTF.</li>
 +
</ul></p>
  
  
 
<h1>The comparative suffix -like</h1>
 
<h1>The comparative suffix -like</h1>
 +
 +
<p>Forms an adjective from a noun</p>
 +
 
<ul>
 
<ul>
−
<li>child-like</li>
+
<li>childlike</li>
−
<li>unlike</li>
+
<li>life-like</li>
−
<li></li>
+
<li>dream-like</li>
−
<li></li>
 
−
<li></li>
 
 
</ul>
 
</ul>
 +
 +
<p>Compare to <i>-ly</i>:  cowardly</p>
  
 
<h1>The associative prefix like-</h1>
 
<h1>The associative prefix like-</h1>
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<li>like-minded</li>
 
<li>like-minded</li>
 
<li>likewise (<i>de même, également</i>)</li>
 
<li>likewise (<i>de même, également</i>)</li>
−
<li>likely (<i>vraisemblable</i>) peut-être utilisé de façon ironique:  "That's a likely story."</li>
+
<li><strong style="color:#033;">likely</strong> (<i>vraisemblable</i>) peut être utilisé de façon ironique:  "That's a likely story."</li>
 
<li>unlikely (<i>invraisemblable</i>)</li>
 
<li>unlikely (<i>invraisemblable</i>)</li>
−
<li></li>
 
 
</ul>
 
</ul>
−
 
−
 
−
 
  
 
<h1>The NP / ADV alike</h1>
 
<h1>The NP / ADV alike</h1>
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<li>a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Look-alike look-alike]</li>
 
<li>a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Look-alike look-alike]</li>
 
<li>a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound-alike sound-alike]</li>
 
<li>a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound-alike sound-alike]</li>
 +
<li>All (wo)men are not alike, though all (wo)men are born equal.</li>
 
</ul>
 
</ul>
 +
 +
[[Category:100-en]]

Latest revision as of 13:54, 6 May 2020

pronunciation

  • prep: laɪk
  • verb: laɪk // laɪks (3rd pers. pres.) // laɪkt (past)

preposition

translation

"comme"

The most common translation of "like" is comme.
It can express a manner. Its role in similes is also notorious ("A simile is a metaphor using like or as")

  • If March comes in like a lion, it will go out like a lamb. (fierce winds March 1 -> a gentle breeze March 31)
  • "Someone like you", (Adèle) / "Like a hurricane", (Neil Young)
  • "The ice was here, the ice was there, / The ice was all around: / It cracked and growled, and roared and howled, / Like noises in a swound" (Coleridge, "Rime of the Ancient Mariner")
  • "The Albatross fell off, and sank / like lead into the sea" (Coleridge, "Rime of the Ancient Mariner")
  • "like a leaf clings to a tree, oh my darling cling to me..." (two extraordinary voices: David Bowie, Nina Simone, "Wild is the Wind", lyrics)

NB: comme is translated as as when it means "in the role of" / en tant que:

  • comme contribuable: As a taxpayer
  • comme tout contribuable, je... = Like any taxpayer, I...


Sense verbs (verbs of perception)

When used with a sense verb (taste, smell, look, sound, feel) the meaning of the two words together (looks like) is often best translated more simply in French as on dirait qu(e):

  • look(s) like: avoir l'air de, on dirait qu'il
    • (It) looks like rain.
      • (On dirait qu'il va pleuvoir)
    • That looks like everything.
      • (On dirait que c'est tout.)
    • He/It doesn't look like he's in much pain. (Il n'a pas l'air de souffrir trop.)
    • She/It looks like she's getting better. (Elle a l'air d'aller mieux.)
  • feel(s) like: on dirait que, (au toucher), avoir envie de, se sentir
    • It feels like silk but maybe it's synthetic.
    • I feel like hell this morning.
    • I felt like working late last night.
  • taste(s) like: avoir le/un gout de
    • Do frog legs taste more like chicken or more like beef?
    • That's a very delicate whiskey, it tastes like lapsang suchong.
  • smell(s) like: avoir l'odeur de
    • It smells like onions in here.
    • The rat must have thought it smelled like a trap, because it wouldn't eat the cheese.
    • It's smelling a bit like spring, at last.
  • sound(s) like: avoir l'air de: (au téléphone)
    • You sound like you're not feeling very well.
    • It sounds like you've done all you can.
  • seem(s) like: avoir l'air de, on dirait
    • It seems like it's working
    • They seem like nice people.

etymology

"having the same characteristics or qualities" (as another), Middle English shortening of Old English gelic "like, similar," from Proto-Germanic *galika- "having the same form," literally "with a corresponding body" (cf. Old Saxon gilik, Dutch gelijk, German gleich, Gothic galeiks "equally, like"), a compound of *ga- "with, together" + Germanic base *lik- "body, form; like, same" (cf. Old English lic "body," German Leiche "corpse," Danish lig, Swedish lik, Dutch lijk "body, corpse"). Analogous, etymologically, to Latin conform.
The modern form (rather than *lich Cf. -ly) may be from a northern descendant of the Old English word's Norse cognate, glikr.

verb

semantics

aimer (bien) --> like
aimer (d'amour) --> love

love, like like is a state verb. It is generally considered incompatible with the grammatical structure be + ing. However, social networks -- in particular facebook -- have helped to create an event reading of "like": "I liked all of his photos this afternoon, each and every one of them!"

syntax: Verb + (direct) object

2 arguments (subject + predicate), "transitive"

  • Infinitivals: They like to read her tweets. (whenever it happens that she tweets)
  • Participials: They like reading her tweets. (while they're reading them, or more generally)
  • Other NPs: She likes her rabbit. She doesn't like cats.
  • Inanimate subject implies personification:
    • My pet rock likes sleeping up there on the shelf.
    • Trouble seems to like coming to this part of town.

Morphology

like is regular in both the present and past tense.

It takes -s [s] (3rd pers. sing.), and -d [t]

Discourse marker

Young people tend to overuse like as a discourse marker, in some cases it can mark a change of speaker/perspective, in others it seems to be used as a filler while a person is thinking of what they want to say, but more generally it marks a point at which eye-contact is frequent, the speaker warns the listener to conjure up a paradigm similar to what will be said next, attention! cognitive work ahead. It is not considered good usage, though it has become a characteristic of both US English and like, you know, globisch. :D

  • "She was all like "I'm not doing it." and stuff until I told her there was blueberry pie in the oven."
  • I was, like, you know, WTF.


The comparative suffix -like

Forms an adjective from a noun

  • childlike
  • life-like
  • dream-like

Compare to -ly: cowardly

The associative prefix like-

  • like-minded
  • likewise (de même, également)
  • likely (vraisemblable) peut être utilisé de façon ironique: "That's a likely story."
  • unlikely (invraisemblable)

The NP / ADV alike

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