Sounds of English

Vowels

Vowels are always voiced (which means the vocal cords vibrate when the sound is made).

ˈvaʊəlz ər 'ɔːlwəz 'vɔɪst

Long "pure" vowels

/ɑ:/

• R, star, car, far
• father, bother, bottle
• clerk ^UK

/i:/

• B, C, D, E, G, P, T, V, Z ^US
• sea, tea, seem, feet, key
• apostrophe, Socrates, catastrophe /kə ˈtæ strə fi/

/u:/

• Q, U, W
• choose, use,

/ɔː/

• 4, 40
• door, floor, shore, store
• daughter, caught
, thought, fought
• law, saw, lawyer /ˈlɔː jər/
• fluorine, chlorine

/ɜːr/

• first, third, 30, 30^th
• shirt, clerk, certification, learn
• Some people sometimes pronounce words like sure & pure with this sound rather than /ʃʊr/, /pjʊr/, (myself included).

/ɒ/

• primarily UK. US substitutes /ɑ:/
• what ^{UK 1}
• bottle /ˈbɒ tl/
, throttle
• shot, spot, lots, of ^{UK 1}, pots

^{US 1} = ʌ in what and of

Short vowels

/ʌ/

• 1, 100
• sun, but, mud, uncle
• son, won, brother, other, another, above
• flood, blood
• tough, rough, enough /ɪ ˈnʌf/

/ʊ/

• Look!, a good cookbook
• put, push, pull
• woman /'wʊ mən/

/ɪ/

• 6, him, this, finish, minute (n.)
• been, again
• below, behind, between, beneath, bemoan, belabor, besmirch, etc.
• women /'wi min/, electric, elegance /'el ɪ ɡəns/, enough /ɪ ˈnʌf/

/e/

The precise realisation of this form varies. In South Africa the sound is closer to /e/, while in the US it is closer to /ɛ/. (fête, bête, lait, aime pouvaient). Since the distinction is not considered phonemic (since the long "A" sound is realized as the diphthong /eɪ/), the standard transcription is /e/ though the sound is closer to /ɛ/ than /e/ (fée, pourrai, pouvez, aimer.)

• 7, 10, 12, F, L, M, N, S, X, Zed
• health, wedding, nephew, elementary /ˌel ɪ ˈmen tri/
• says, said

/ə/

• The most common vowel sound in English (also the most central vowel) (quite lax) uh... (French "euh" is very similar, but with rounded lips)

• around, about, above, ago, asleep, etc.
• perpetual, residual, science, electric, elegant, woman, sermon
• -ous (famous, gelatinous, disastrous)
• -er (safer, cheaper, etc.)
• -able (understandable, comfortable ¹, legible)
• Some transcribe the sound of the suffix -ion as /ən/, though most dictionaries simply use "syllabic" /n/. More terminology wars... :) e.g. nation, ration, consideration, fashion /ˈfæʃ n/, etc.

¹ Most commonly the first schwa is dropped entirely. ˈkʌmf təbl / 'kʌm fə təbl

/æ/

• bad, faster, fastest, that ¹
• laughter ^{US + parts of UK},

¹ As a demonstrative pronoun / determiner that is pronounced /ðæt/, as a relative pronoun, that is usually pronounced /ðət/, though it may be dropped entirely.

Diphthongs

/eɪ/

• A, H, J, K, 8
• take, plane, fate
• main, rain, paid, said (/səd/)
• day, way, say, says (/səz/)
• weigh, neighbour, freight
• vein
• aviation, (un)able, Asia (/'eɪ ʒə/)

/ɑɪ/

• I, Y, 5, 9
• rice, mice
• guide, quite quiet /'kwɑɪt 'kwɑɪ ət/
• light, sight, sigh, height
• align, benign, sign

/əʊ / oʊ/

• O, 0, (zero)
• close, clothes /kləʊðz/, chose, chosen
• though, although, thorough /ˈθɜː roʊ/ ^US /'θʌ rə/ ^UK, borough /ˈbɜː roʊ/ ^US /'bʌ rə/ ^UK
• own, grow, known, flown
• soap, foam

/ɑʊ/

• 1000
• out, about, around, announce, pounce
• how, now, power, tower, town

/eə/

• Mostly UK. North American English (NAME) is usually /er/
• there, where
• hair, pair
• share, care
• heir

/ʊə/

• poor, tour (guide),

Consonants

Most consonants are paired: at each position one can make two sounds (one voiced, one unvoiced). For example:

Voiced	Unvoiced
b	p
d	t
z	s
ʒ	ʃ
g	k