-ed

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It is common to have trouble, especially when reading, with the English past tense marker -ed, because it is pronounced in three different ways: /d/, /t/, and /ɪd/

After an unvoiced consonant (see Sounds of English#Consonants), it is pronounced /t/:

  • popped out for some tea = pa:pt aʊt fər səm ti:
  • looked like rain = lʊkt laɪk reɪn


After a voiced consonant, it is is pronounced /t/

  • They pulled him up to safety = 'ðeɪ pʌld ɪm ʌp tə 'seɪfti
  • radioed air traffic control = 'reɪdioʊd 'eər 'trfɪk kən'troʊl