-ed

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It is common to have trouble, especially when reading, with the English past tense marker -ed, because it is pronounced in three different ways: /d/, /t/, and /ɪd/

After an unvoiced consonant (see Sounds of English#Consonants), -ed is pronounced /t/:

  • popped out for some tea = 'pa:pt 'aʊt fər səm 'ti:
  • looked like rain = 'lʊkt 'laɪk 'reɪn
  • She'd searched the train stations. = ʃi:d 'sɜː(r)tʃt ðə 'treɪn 'steɪʃənz

After a voiced consonant or a vowel, -ed is is pronounced /d/

  • They pulled him up to safety. = 'ðeɪ pʌld ɪm ʌp tə 'seɪfti
  • The pilot radioed air traffic control. = ðə 'paɪlət 'reɪdioʊd 'eər 'træfɪk kən'troʊl
  • He'd arrived in Kolkata. hi:d ə'raɪvd ɪn kɒlˈkʌtə

After the sounds /t/ or /d/, -ed is pronounced /ɪd/.

  • Your wish has been granted = jɔːr 'wɪʃ əz bɪn 'græntɪd