Difference between revisions of "Be"
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| − | Avertissement: cette page est destiné à un analyse grammatical du mot "be" | + | Avertissement: cette page est destiné à un analyse grammatical du mot "be" 🔌 |
| + | =Forms= | ||
| − | = | + | *present tense: <span style="color:#4D0000;">am</span> (1s), <span style="color:#4D0000;">is</span> (3s), <span style="color:#4D0000;">are</span> (1p, 2s/p, 3p) |
| + | *past tense: <span style="color:#4D0000;">was</span> (1s, 3s), <span style="color:#4D0000;">were</span> (1p, 2s/p, 3p) | ||
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| + | *present participle: <span style="color:#4D0000;">being</span> | ||
| + | *past participle: <span style="color:#4D0000;">been</span> | ||
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| + | *''present'' infinitive / imperative / subjunctive: <span style="color:#4D0000;">be</span> | ||
| + | *''past'' infinitive: <span style="color:#4D0000;">have been</span> | ||
| + | *''past'' subjunctive <sup style="font-size:xx-small;">1</sup>: <span style="color:#4D0000;">were</span> | ||
| − | < | + | <sup style="font-size:xx-small;">1</sup> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="color:#4D0000;">be</span> is the only verb in English that has a distinctive subjunctive form, and this is only in the past tense. Cf. "If I were a rich man... " [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RBHZFYpQ6nc| 🎻 ]</span> |
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=Major Uses= | =Major Uses= | ||
| − | Most fundamentally ''be'' is a copula. | + | Most fundamentally ''be'' is a copula. (NP = noun phrase (''syntagme nominal'')) |
| − | *<span style="color:darkblue;font-variant:small-caps;"> | + | *<span style="color:darkblue;font-variant:small-caps;">NP '''is''' NP:</span> ''She is the boss.'' |
| − | *<span style="color:darkblue;font-variant:small-caps;"> | + | *<span style="color:darkblue;font-variant:small-caps;">NP '''is''' AdjP:</span> ''The cat's paws are muddy.'' |
| − | *<span style="color:darkblue;font-variant:small-caps;"> | + | *<span style="color:darkblue;font-variant:small-caps;">NP '''is''' PP:</span> ''Your keys are on the table.'' |
| − | *<span style="color:darkblue;font-variant:small-caps;"> | + | *<span style="color:darkblue;font-variant:small-caps;">NP '''is''' Particle:</span> ''The sun is up. The network was down. The doctor may be in.'' |
| − | *introduces present & past participles | + | *introduces present & past <span style="color:darkgreen;font-weight:bold;font-variant:small-caps;">participles</span> |
:*present participle (<span style="color:darkblue;font-variant:small-caps;">-ing</span>) | :*present participle (<span style="color:darkblue;font-variant:small-caps;">-ing</span>) | ||
:::The present participle can be interpreted as a verb, a noun (usually called a gerund), or an adjective. | :::The present participle can be interpreted as a verb, a noun (usually called a gerund), or an adjective. | ||
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:::The use of be + ing usually implies that the speaker is putting the listener in the middle of the action (''in medias res''): the speaker or writer is like a '''filmmaker''' recording an action. Alternately, it can indicate a series of occurrences. | :::The use of be + ing usually implies that the speaker is putting the listener in the middle of the action (''in medias res''): the speaker or writer is like a '''filmmaker''' recording an action. Alternately, it can indicate a series of occurrences. | ||
| − | :::<span style="color:darkblue;font-variant:small-caps;">be + -ing</span> derives historically from <span style="color: | + | :::<span style="font-size:small;"><span style="color:darkblue;font-variant:small-caps;">be + -ing</span> derives historically from <span style="color:darkblue;font-variant:small-caps;">be + on + <i>-ing</i></span></span> |
:*past participle (<span style="color:darkblue;font-variant:small-caps;">-en / -ed</span>) | :*past participle (<span style="color:darkblue;font-variant:small-caps;">-en / -ed</span>) | ||
| − | :::The past participle is more like a photograph than a movie. | + | :::The past participle is more like a photograph than a movie. Together with <span style="color:darkblue;font-variant:small-caps;">be</span>, it forms the passive voice. |
:::*Lincoln and Kennedy were both assassinated. | :::*Lincoln and Kennedy were both assassinated. | ||
:::*Everything was frozen. | :::*Everything was frozen. | ||
:::*It was golden. (cf. adjectives like ''wooden, rotten'') | :::*It was golden. (cf. adjectives like ''wooden, rotten'') | ||
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| + | :::The mediopassive can be formed with <span style="color:darkblue;font-variant:small-caps;">get</span>. | ||
| + | :::*My parents <span style="color:darkgreen;font-variant:small-caps;">got</span> <s><span style="font-size:x-small;color:gray;">(already)</span></s> married in 1968. | ||
| + | :::*My parents <span style="color:darkblue;font-variant:small-caps;">were</span> <span style="font-size:x-small;color:gray;">(already)</span> married in 1980.. | ||
| + | :::*My parents <span style="color:darkblue;font-variant:small-caps;">are</span> <span style="font-size:x-small;color:gray;">(still)</span> married in 2019. | ||
*introduces various modal structures with (<span style="color:darkblue;font-variant:small-caps;">to</span>) | *introduces various modal structures with (<span style="color:darkblue;font-variant:small-caps;">to</span>) | ||
| − | :*<span style="color:darkblue;font-variant:small-caps;">be <span style="font-size:x-small;color:gray;">un</span><span style="color:indigo;">'''able'''</span> to</span> -- ''être capable de'', ''pouvoir'' | + | :*<span style="color:darkblue;font-variant:small-caps;">be <span style="font-size:x-small;color:gray;">un</span><span style="color:indigo;">'''able'''</span> to</span> {<span style="color:darkgrey;font-variant:small-caps;">verb</span>} -- ''être capable de'', ''pouvoir'' |
| − | :*span style="color:darkblue;font-variant:small-caps;">be <span style="color:indigo;">'''about'''</span> to</span> -- ''être sur le point de'' | + | :*<span style="color:darkblue;font-variant:small-caps;">be <span style="color:indigo;">'''about'''</span> to</span> {<span style="color:darkgrey;font-variant:small-caps;">verb</span>} -- ''être sur le point de'' |
| − | :*span style="color:darkblue;font-variant:small-caps;">be <span style=" | + | :*<span style="color:darkblue;font-variant:small-caps;">be <span style="color:indigo;">'''easy'''</span> to</span> {<span style="color:darkgrey;font-variant:small-caps;">verb</span>} -- ''être facile (de / à)'' |
| − | :*be difficult to: ''être difficile (de / à)'' | + | :*<span style="color:darkblue;font-variant:small-caps;">be <span style="color:indigo;">'''difficult'''</span> to</span> {<span style="color:darkgrey;font-variant:small-caps;">verb</span>} -- ''être difficile (de / à)'' |
| − | :*be <span style="font-size:x-small;color:gray;">un</span>likely to -- ''être probable que'' | + | :*<span style="color:darkblue;font-variant:small-caps;">be <span style="font-size:x-small;color:gray;">un</span><span style="color:indigo;">'''likely'''</span> to</span> {<span style="color:darkgrey;font-variant:small-caps;">verb</span>} -- ''être probable que'' |
| − | :*be supposed to -- ''être censé'' | + | :*<span style="color:darkblue;font-variant:small-caps;">be <span style="color:indigo;">'''supposed'''</span> to</span> {<span style="color:darkgrey;font-variant:small-caps;">verb</span>} -- ''être censé'' |
| − | :*be <span style="font-size:x-small;color:gray;">un</span>willing to -- ''vouloir bien'' | + | :*<span style="color:darkblue;font-variant:small-caps;">be <span style="font-size:x-small;color:gray;">un</span><span style="color:indigo;">'''willing'''</span> to</span> {<span style="color:darkgrey;font-variant:small-caps;">verb</span>} -- ''vouloir bien'' |
Latest revision as of 22:08, 23 December 2019
Avertissement: cette page est destiné à un analyse grammatical du mot "be" 🔌
Forms
- present tense: am (1s), is (3s), are (1p, 2s/p, 3p)
- past tense: was (1s, 3s), were (1p, 2s/p, 3p)
- present participle: being
- past participle: been
- present infinitive / imperative / subjunctive: be
- past infinitive: have been
- past subjunctive 1: were
1 be is the only verb in English that has a distinctive subjunctive form, and this is only in the past tense. Cf. "If I were a rich man... " 🎻
Major Uses
Most fundamentally be is a copula. (NP = noun phrase (syntagme nominal))
- NP is NP: She is the boss.
- NP is AdjP: The cat's paws are muddy.
- NP is PP: Your keys are on the table.
- NP is Particle: The sun is up. The network was down. The doctor may be in.
- introduces present & past participles
- present participle (-ing)
- The present participle can be interpreted as a verb, a noun (usually called a gerund), or an adjective.
- He was writing. (V)
- This is (his) writing. (N)
- It is interesting. (Adj)
- Only the first is considered verbal.
- The use of be + ing usually implies that the speaker is putting the listener in the middle of the action (in medias res): the speaker or writer is like a filmmaker recording an action. Alternately, it can indicate a series of occurrences.
- be + -ing derives historically from be + on + -ing
- past participle (-en / -ed)
- The past participle is more like a photograph than a movie. Together with be, it forms the passive voice.
- Lincoln and Kennedy were both assassinated.
- Everything was frozen.
- It was golden. (cf. adjectives like wooden, rotten)
- The mediopassive can be formed with get.
- My parents got
(already)married in 1968. - My parents were (already) married in 1980..
- My parents are (still) married in 2019.
- My parents got
- The mediopassive can be formed with get.
- introduces various modal structures with (to)
- be unable to {verb} -- être capable de, pouvoir
- be about to {verb} -- être sur le point de
- be easy to {verb} -- être facile (de / à)
- be difficult to {verb} -- être difficile (de / à)
- be unlikely to {verb} -- être probable que
- be supposed to {verb} -- être censé
- be unwilling to {verb} -- vouloir bien
