Grammar
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Contents
[hide]I. Verb
A. Participles -ing, -ed / -en
1. Describing what is happening
2. Describing what has happened
3. Describing what often happens
See I.B.4 et I.B.4a
4. As nouns
See II.A.I.3.C
B. Verbal base.
1. Commands / Imperative (Order the pizza.)
2. Following modal verbs (We could order a pizza.)
3. Following "to" (I want you to order the pizza.)
4. Describing what often happens (I often order a pizza for lunch on Thursdays.)
a. the 3rd person s / z / iz
C. Auxiliaries
1. do
a. interaction with the negative adverb not. No, I (don't / do not) want to do more work.
b. asking questions about states of mind... (do you know, do you like, do you think, do you want to...)
2. be
a. be + -ing (present imperfect)
b. be + -en (passive voice)
3. have
a. present perfect. (Have you finished the painting?) past + present: summing up (faire le bilan)
b. causative/medio-passive (Have him come to my office when he gets here.)
4. get (semi-auxiliary)
a. get + -ed: dynamic (middle) voice (The BNP is getting fined.)
b. get + -ing: inceptive (They got the ball rolling.)
II. Substantive
A. Nominals
1. Nouns
a. singular / plural, no gender
s / z / iz
b. countability
c. determination
1. zero determination (no article)=
proper nouns, generic plurals
2. definite determination (the, this, that, ...)
demonstrative determiners / pronouns: these / those ; situative pronouns: this / that =====3. indefinite determination (a, some, any, ...)
