Difference between revisions of "To"

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(Destination marker)
(Combines with "in" and "on")
 
(25 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown)
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*Happy birthday to you!
 
*Happy birthday to you!
  
In French this notion ( <span style="color:darkred"> </span> ) seems to be included in the verb <i>aller</i> or <i>venir</i>
+
*She's going <b>to</b> China. -- <span style="color:darkblue">Je <u>vais</u> <b>en</b> Chine </span> <i>(f.)</i> // <span style="color:darkblue"><b>au</b> Japon.</span> <i>(m.)</i>  
 
+
*Welcome <b>to</b> France. -- <span style="color:darkblue">Bien<u>venue</u> <b>en</b> France </span><i>(f.)</i> // <span style="color:darkblue"><b>au</b> Japon.</span> <i>(m.)</i>
*She's going to China. -- <span style="color:darkblue">Je <u>vais</u> en Chine. </span>
 
*Welcome to France. -- <span style="color:darkblue">Bien<u>venue</u> en France.</span>
 
  
 
The most famous line from Shakespeare's <i>Hamlet</i> can also be understood in this light:
 
The most famous line from Shakespeare's <i>Hamlet</i> can also be understood in this light:
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==Directional marker: towards==
 
==Directional marker: towards==
 
*to<u>ward</u>, to<u>wards</u> = <i>vers</i>, <i>en direction de</i>
 
*to<u>ward</u>, to<u>wards</u> = <i>vers</i>, <i>en direction de</i>
**He moved towards<the door, step by step.  He wanted to leave.<br>
+
**He was moving ''towards'' the door.  He obviously wanted to leave.<br>
***It's getting towards sundown. (<i>vers</i>)
+
**The two countries were ''headed '''towards''''' war.
***<u>Towards</u> sundown, she came and asked if we needed help.
+
**"Chesapeake Energy (NYSE:CHK) is likely ''headed '''towards''''' bankruptcy. Don’t be fooled about this. CHK stock will then be worthless if that occurs." [https://investorplace.com/2020/04/chk-stock-headed-towards-bankruptcy/  §§]
  
 
==Combines with "in" and "on"==
 
==Combines with "in" and "on"==
*into: (inchoative<sup>1</sup> particle:  marks a beginning)  (marque le point où un "<u>in</u>térieur" commence à être franchi)
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*''into'': (inchoative particle:  marks a beginning)  ''marque le point où un "<u>in</u>térieur" commence à être franchi''
** come into / go into / run into (STH)= <i> (r)entrer dans </i>
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** come into / go into / run into (STH) (car accident) / run into (SO) (<i>croiser qqn</i>)
 
** turn into, change into = <i> (se) transformer en </i>
 
** turn into, change into = <i> (se) transformer en </i>
 
** change into warmer clothes = <i> aller mettre, aller enfiler </i>
 
** change into warmer clothes = <i> aller mettre, aller enfiler </i>
 
** look into, delve into = <i>étudier de plus près</i>
 
** look into, delve into = <i>étudier de plus près</i>
** run into SO = <i>croiser QQN</i>
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** talk <span style="color:#043;font-variant:small-caps;">so</span> into <span style="color:#043;font-variant:small-caps;">sth</span> = <i>convaincre <span style="color:#043;font-variant:small-caps;">qqn</span> de faire <span style="color:#042;font-variant:small-caps;">qqch</span>.</i>
<hr>
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*''onto'':
<sup>1</sup> <i>Cf.</i> [http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Les_oppositions_aspectuelles_d%27apr%C3%A8s_Oswald_Ducrot.png Aktionsart]
 
<hr>
 
*onto:
 
 
**The destination physically supports (or <abbr title="soutenir: to hold up, to support">holds up</abbr>) the "subject" of the sentence, <abbr title="l'empêche de tomber">keeps it from falling</abbr>.
 
**The destination physically supports (or <abbr title="soutenir: to hold up, to support">holds up</abbr>) the "subject" of the sentence, <abbr title="l'empêche de tomber">keeps it from falling</abbr>.
 
***Should we move the computer <u>onto</u> the desk?
 
***Should we move the computer <u>onto</u> the desk?
 
***There's no way you're going to be able to put the iPad <u>onto</u> your unlimited plan with verzion.
 
***There's no way you're going to be able to put the iPad <u>onto</u> your unlimited plan with verzion.
*be on to:  
+
*''be on to'':  
 
** vient du sens continuatif de <i>on</i>, notion de découverte d'une bonne piste...
 
** vient du sens continuatif de <i>on</i>, notion de découverte d'une bonne piste...
 
***I think you're <u>on to</u> something here.
 
***I think you're <u>on to</u> something here.
 +
*''up to'':
 +
** upper limit
 +
***Everything must go!  Up to 70% off!
 +
***In the Sahara, the temperatures get ''up to'' 110° during the day and ''down to'' 50° at night.
 +
**doing
 +
***What are you ''up to'' these days?
  
 
=Infinitivals=
 
=Infinitivals=
  
Combines with any number of verbs to introduce a complement or a predicate:
+
Combines with any number of verbs to introduce a complement or a predicate :
*She wants <u>to</u> [<span style="color:darkblue;">get some new shoes</span>].
+
 
*"When purchasing life insurance, there are a few specific questions that you're not going <u>to</u> [<span style="color:darkblue;">want <u>to</u> forget <u>to</u> ask</span>]." [http://www.ehow.com/purchase-life-insurance/ §]
+
*She wants [<u>to</u> <span style="color:darkblue;">get some new shoes</span>].
 +
*"When purchasing life insurance, there are <span style="color:#602;font-style:italic;">a few specific questions</span> that you're not going [<u>to</u> want [<u>to</u> forget [<u>to</u>  ask <span style="color:#602;font-style:italic;"> __<u>???</u>____ </span>]]]]."
 +
*They don't know how [<u>to</u> operate the machine yet].  They need [<u>to</u> be trained].
  
  
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There are two principle verbs where the <span style="color:green;">[t]</span> loses its "obstruent" nature in rapid speech. (It loses it's "T-ness" if you like):   
 
There are two principle verbs where the <span style="color:green;">[t]</span> loses its "obstruent" nature in rapid speech. (It loses it's "T-ness" if you like):   
<ul>
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<li>
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*want to  &nbsp;&nbsp; → &nbsp;&nbsp; wanna'
want to  &nbsp;&nbsp; → &nbsp;&nbsp; wanna'
+
*going to &nbsp;&nbsp; → &nbsp;&nbsp; gonna'
</li>
 
<li>going to &nbsp;&nbsp; → &nbsp;&nbsp; gonna'
 
</li>
 
</ul>
 
  
 
==modality of "to"==
 
==modality of "to"==

Latest revision as of 15:31, 11 April 2020

Preposition

Destination marker

If there is one sign that symbolizes the word "to" it is an arrow. ( )

  • I'm going to the store
  • Give it to your brother.
  • Happy birthday to you!
  • She's going to China. -- Je vais en Chine (f.) // au Japon. (m.)
  • Welcome to France. -- Bienvenue en France (f.) // au Japon. (m.)

The most famous line from Shakespeare's Hamlet can also be understood in this light:

  • To be or not to be: that is the question?

For Hamlet at this moment of the play, "being" is a still a destination, or an objective that is not fully realized.

Directional marker: towards

  • toward, towards = vers, en direction de
    • He was moving towards the door. He obviously wanted to leave.
    • The two countries were headed towards war.
    • "Chesapeake Energy (NYSE:CHK) is likely headed towards bankruptcy. Don’t be fooled about this. CHK stock will then be worthless if that occurs." §§

Combines with "in" and "on"

  • into: (inchoative particle: marks a beginning) marque le point où un "intérieur" commence à être franchi
    • come into / go into / run into (STH) (car accident) / run into (SO) (croiser qqn)
    • turn into, change into = (se) transformer en
    • change into warmer clothes = aller mettre, aller enfiler
    • look into, delve into = étudier de plus près
    • talk so into sth = convaincre qqn de faire qqch.
  • onto:
    • The destination physically supports (or holds up) the "subject" of the sentence, keeps it from falling.
      • Should we move the computer onto the desk?
      • There's no way you're going to be able to put the iPad onto your unlimited plan with verzion.
  • be on to:
    • vient du sens continuatif de on, notion de découverte d'une bonne piste...
      • I think you're on to something here.
  • up to:
    • upper limit
      • Everything must go! Up to 70% off!
      • In the Sahara, the temperatures get up to 110° during the day and down to 50° at night.
    • doing
      • What are you up to these days?

Infinitivals

Combines with any number of verbs to introduce a complement or a predicate :

  • She wants [to get some new shoes].
  • "When purchasing life insurance, there are a few specific questions that you're not going [to want [to forget [to ask __???____ ]]]]."
  • They don't know how [to operate the machine yet]. They need [to be trained].


phonetic reduction

There are two principle verbs where the [t] loses its "obstruent" nature in rapid speech. (It loses it's "T-ness" if you like):

  • want to    →    wanna'
  • going to    →    gonna'

modality of "to"

Modality#Modality_of_to