Difference between revisions of "So"

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(Correlator)
(Anaphoric Pronoun)
 
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==Degree Adverb==
+
==Degree Adverb / Intensifier==
  
:so many friends = ''tant d'amis''
+
:<span style="font-variant:small-caps;color:#603;">so many</span> friend<u>s</u> = ''tant d'amis''
:so few friends = ''si peu d'amis''
+
:<span style="font-variant:small-caps;color:#603;">so few</span> friend<u>s</u> = ''si peu d'amis''
:so much time = ''tant de temps''
+
:<span style="font-variant:small-caps;color:#603;">so much</span> time = ''tant de temps''
:so little time = ''si peu de temps''
+
:<span style="font-variant:small-caps;color:#603;">so little</span> time = ''si peu de temps''
  
 
to an abnormally high/low degree
 
to an abnormally high/low degree
  
:It's so cold in here!  ''Il fait si froid, là.''
+
:It's <span style="font-variant:small-caps;color:#603;">so</span> cold in here!  ''Il fait si froid, là.''
:It was so good to see you! ''C'était si bien de te voir!''
+
:It was <span style="font-variant:small-caps;color:#603;">so</span> good to see you! ''C'était si bien de te voir!''
:I had so hoped to see you again. ''J'avais tant espéré te revoir.''
+
:I had <span style="font-variant:small-caps;color:#603;">so</span> hoped to see you again. ''J'avais tant espéré te revoir.''
 +
:Thanks <span style="font-variant:small-caps;color:#603;">so much</span>! ''"so much" is more formal than "a lot"''
  
 
===so-so===
 
===so-so===
 
to an abnormally average degree :)
 
to an abnormally average degree :)
 
:-- Well, was the film any good? ''et le film, c'était bien?''
 
:-- Well, was the film any good? ''et le film, c'était bien?''
:-- Meh. It was pretty so-so.  ''meu, c'était plutôt moyen''
+
:-- Meh. It was pretty <span style="font-variant:small-caps;color:#603;">so-so</span>.  ''meuh, c'était plutôt moyen (comme çi, comme ça)''
  
 
==Anaphoric Pronoun==
 
==Anaphoric Pronoun==
<p style="margin:0% 10% 0% 10%; padding:1% 3% 1% 3%; border-radius: 5px ; border: 2px inset #042; border-radius: 3px;background-color:#FFD;">definition: "''Anaphoric pronoun'' refers to a pronoun which 'refers back' to another constituent in the sentence."<br /><br />
+
<p style="margin:0% 10% 0% 10%; padding:1% 3% 1% 3%; border-radius: 5px ; border: 2px inset #042; border-radius: 3px;background-color:#FFD;">definition: " ''Anaphoric pronoun'' refers to a pronoun which 'refers back' to another constituent in the sentence."<br /><br />
  
crowd-source: [http://www.glottopedia.org/index.php/Anaphoric_pronoun glottopedia]
+
<span style="font-size:72%;">definition crowd-sourced from [http://www.glottopedia.org/index.php/Anaphoric_pronoun glottopedia]</span></p>
serious linguistics:</p>
 
  
 
Examples:
 
Examples:
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*<span style="font-variant:small-caps;color:#888;">song on radio</span>:  Everything's going to be alright.
 
*<span style="font-variant:small-caps;color:#888;">song on radio</span>:  Everything's going to be alright.
*<span style="font-variant:small-caps;color:#888;">driver, alone in their car</span>: If you say ''<span style="font-variant:small-caps;color:#088;">so</span>''.
+
*<span style="font-variant:small-caps;color:#888;">driver(s), alone in their car(s)</span>: If you say ''<span style="font-variant:small-caps;color:#088;">so</span>''.
  
  
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Cf.  ''ainsi soit-il'' (so be it)
 
Cf.  ''ainsi soit-il'' (so be it)
  
=== So <AUX> <NP> ===
+
=== So + AUX + NP ===
  
 
*-- I went to Lyon this weekend.
 
*-- I went to Lyon this weekend.
:-- So did I.
+
:-- <span style="font-variant:small-caps;color:#888;">So</span> did I.
  
 
*-- We are going to Marseille next weekend.
 
*-- We are going to Marseille next weekend.
:-- So is Martin.
+
:-- <span style="font-variant:small-caps;color:#888;">So</span> is Martin.
  
 
*-- This machine has been unplugged.
 
*-- This machine has been unplugged.
:-- So have these.
+
:-- <span style="font-variant:small-caps;color:#888;">So</span> have these.
 
 
Contrasts with ''neither'' for negative assertions.
 
  
 +
'''Contrasts with ''neither'' for negative assertions.'''
  
 
*-- I didn't go to Lyon this weekend.
 
*-- I didn't go to Lyon this weekend.
:-- Neither did I.
+
:-- <span style="font-variant:small-caps;color:#888;">Neither</span> did I.
  
 
*-- We aren't going to Marseille next weekend.
 
*-- We aren't going to Marseille next weekend.
:-- Neither is Martin.
+
:-- <span style="font-variant:small-caps;color:#888;">Neither</span> is Martin.
  
 
*-- This machine hasn't been unplugged.
 
*-- This machine hasn't been unplugged.
:-- Neither have these.
+
:-- <span style="font-variant:small-caps;color:#888;">Neither</span> have these.
  
 
==Consequence==
 
==Consequence==
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:I rebooted the computer <span style="font-variant:small-caps;color:#088;">so (that)</span> it would run faster.
 
:I rebooted the computer <span style="font-variant:small-caps;color:#088;">so (that)</span> it would run faster.
 
:The doctor put his leg in a <abbr title="plâtre">cast</abbr> <span style="font-variant:small-caps;color:#088;">so (that)</span> it would <abbr title="afin qu'elle guérisse">heal</abbr>.
 
:The doctor put his leg in a <abbr title="plâtre">cast</abbr> <span style="font-variant:small-caps;color:#088;">so (that)</span> it would <abbr title="afin qu'elle guérisse">heal</abbr>.
 +
:He took his meds, <span style="font-variant:small-caps;color:#088;">so</span> he is calmer now.
  
Cf. ''afin que''
+
Cf. ''afin que'', ''alors'', ''donc''
  
 
==Discourse Marker==
 
==Discourse Marker==
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:So?  Shall we go?
 
:So?  Shall we go?
:So?  What about it?
+
:So?  What are you going to do about it? <span style="font-size:70%;">(sometimes pronounced <span style="color:#050;">'wɒtʃ ə 'gaʊn ə 'doʊ ə 'baʊt ɪt</span> ?)</span>
 
:So.  What do you think?
 
:So.  What do you think?
  
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:May I be so bold as to suggest that you resign, your Majesty?
 
:May I be so bold as to suggest that you resign, your Majesty?
  
''not so ADJ as to'' is not uncommon:
+
''not so ADJ as to'' is not ''soooo...'' uncommon:
  
 
:She was not so hungry as to steal food, but...
 
:She was not so hungry as to steal food, but...

Latest revision as of 14:59, 18 March 2020

Degree Adverb / Intensifier

so many friends = tant d'amis
so few friends = si peu d'amis
so much time = tant de temps
so little time = si peu de temps

to an abnormally high/low degree

It's so cold in here! Il fait si froid, là.
It was so good to see you! C'était si bien de te voir!
I had so hoped to see you again. J'avais tant espéré te revoir.
Thanks so much! "so much" is more formal than "a lot"

so-so

to an abnormally average degree :)

-- Well, was the film any good? et le film, c'était bien?
-- Meh. It was pretty so-so. meuh, c'était plutôt moyen (comme çi, comme ça)

Anaphoric Pronoun

definition: " Anaphoric pronoun refers to a pronoun which 'refers back' to another constituent in the sentence."

definition crowd-sourced from glottopedia

Examples:

  • Using vulgar language is frowned upon in this house. Those who persist in doing so will be politely asked to buzz off.


  • Queen: Will you finish tonight?
  • Servant: I think so.
  • Queen: Make it so.


  • Adult: Go to your room.
  • Young child: Why?
  • Adult: Because I said so.


  • song on radio: Everything's going to be alright.
  • driver(s), alone in their car(s): If you say so.


  • Parent #1: Did she really finish all her homework?
  • Parent #2 (a bit doubtful): So she says.


  • Margot: How do you turn this light off?
  • Matt: There's a button underneath.
    Margot picks up the lamp and looks underneath.
  • Margot: So there is. That's a strange place for a button.


brother: my toast is cold. sister: so is mine.


language learner: my taylor is rich. life learner: so he is.


Cf. ainsi soit-il (so be it)

So + AUX + NP

  • -- I went to Lyon this weekend.
-- So did I.
  • -- We are going to Marseille next weekend.
-- So is Martin.
  • -- This machine has been unplugged.
-- So have these.

Contrasts with neither for negative assertions.

  • -- I didn't go to Lyon this weekend.
-- Neither did I.
  • -- We aren't going to Marseille next weekend.
-- Neither is Martin.
  • -- This machine hasn't been unplugged.
-- Neither have these.

Consequence

so can introduce a content clause, containing a consequence.

I rebooted the computer so (that) it would run faster.
The doctor put his leg in a cast so (that) it would heal.
He took his meds, so he is calmer now.

Cf. afin que, alors, donc

Discourse Marker

Indicates that someone is seeking input (an answer to a question, a readiness to move on...)

So? Shall we go?
So? What are you going to do about it? (sometimes pronounced 'wɒtʃ ə 'gaʊn ə 'doʊ ə 'baʊt ɪt ?)
So. What do you think?


Cf. (et) alors (?)

Correlator

so ADJ as is quite rare today, except in special circumstances. Cf. as

Would you be so kind as to give me your name? (silly formula, often a bit snarky)
May I be so bold as to suggest that you resign, your Majesty?

not so ADJ as to is not soooo... uncommon:

She was not so hungry as to steal food, but...

wh- so ADJ as to V (19th C.)