Difference between revisions of "Not"
(→negation) |
(→negation) |
||
Line 26: | Line 26: | ||
<span style="color:DarkCyan;text-shadow:1px 1px black;">Counselor:</span> Oh no, he <span style="color:darkblue;">shouldn't</span> have. I'm not surprised though. He <span style="color:darkblue;">wasn't</span> happy about all the criticism last month. Things may not have been perfect, but at least things got done.<br /><br /> | <span style="color:DarkCyan;text-shadow:1px 1px black;">Counselor:</span> Oh no, he <span style="color:darkblue;">shouldn't</span> have. I'm not surprised though. He <span style="color:darkblue;">wasn't</span> happy about all the criticism last month. Things may not have been perfect, but at least things got done.<br /><br /> | ||
− | <span style="color:DarkCyan;text-shadow:1px 1px black;">Therapist:</span> Absolutely. Back to Doug again. Doesn't he have a cell phone?<br /><br /> | + | <span style="color:DarkCyan;text-shadow:1px 1px black;">Therapist:</span> Absolutely. Back to Doug again. <span style="color:darkblue;">Doesn't</span> he have a cell phone?<br /><br /> |
− | <span style="color:DarkCyan;text-shadow:1px 1px black;">Counselor:</span> No. </blockquote> | + | <span style="color:DarkCyan;text-shadow:1px 1px black;">Counselor:</span> No idea, I <span style="color:darkblue;">haven't</span> got a number. I <span style="color:darkblue;">can't</span> find his email address either. |
+ | |||
+ | <span style="color:DarkCyan;text-shadow:1px 1px black;">Therapist:</span> We<span style="color:darkblue;">'d</span> better call the secretary tomorrow.</blockquote> | ||
Line 35: | Line 37: | ||
*the <span style="color:darkcyan;">a</span> of <span style="color:maroon;"><u>a</u>re</span> (You're, We're, They're) | *the <span style="color:darkcyan;">a</span> of <span style="color:maroon;"><u>a</u>re</span> (You're, We're, They're) | ||
*the <span style="color:darkcyan;">a</span> of <span style="color:maroon;"><u>a</u>m</span> (I'm (I am)) | *the <span style="color:darkcyan;">a</span> of <span style="color:maroon;"><u>a</u>m</span> (I'm (I am)) | ||
− | *the <span style="color:darkcyan;">ha</span> of <span style="color:maroon;"><u>ha</u>ve</span> (I've (I have)) | + | *the <span style="color:darkcyan;">ha</span> of <span style="color:maroon;"><u>ha</u>ve</span> (I've (I have), <span style="color:maroon;"><u>ha</u>d</span> If we'd known...) |
*the <span style="color:darkcyan;">i</span> of <span style="color:maroon;"><u>i</u>s</span> (it's (It is)) | *the <span style="color:darkcyan;">i</span> of <span style="color:maroon;"><u>i</u>s</span> (it's (It is)) | ||
+ | *the <span style="color:darkcyan;">woul</span> of <span style="color:maroon;"><u>woul</u>d</span>: I'd like some more please. | ||
<p>or it represents possession: Sofiane's / Luke's / Zeke's / Mohammed's / the students' notebooks.</p> | <p>or it represents possession: Sofiane's / Luke's / Zeke's / Mohammed's / the students' notebooks.</p> | ||
<p>a third case in literature: represent missing sounds more generally.</p> | <p>a third case in literature: represent missing sounds more generally.</p> |
Revision as of 01:56, 23 January 2014
negation
- not becomes n't when attached to an auxiliary which is not itself abbreviated.
- I've not heard much. // I haven't heard much.
- I'm not sure. // I ain't going. (ain't is fairly widespread colloquial American)
- I personally do not combine n't with may or might, though there is nothing particularly wrong with mightn't even if it is relatively infrequent. shan't is likewise rare.. (compare at google: couldn't // mayn't // shan't)
Usage rules are fairly strict. In formal writing abbreviations are to be avoided. The only accepted use of the apostrophe in formal writing is generally to indicate the possessive / genitive case. This is a prescriptivist, but pragmatically important, rule to know.
In written dialogue, the apostrophe is nevertheless common. An example:
Counselor: You couldn't have known that Doug wasn't coming.
Therapist: I didn't know; and I wouldn't have re-arranged my schedule if I hadn't thought he would be there.
Counselor: He hasn't been coming to those meetings for several weeks.
Therapist: I won't make the same mistake twice. Next time, if he isn't coming, I ain't going either!
Counselor: We should send the secretary a message Thursday, don't you think, just to confirm?
Therapist: Oh, you mustn't have heard, the secretary resigned yesterday.
Counselor: Oh no, he shouldn't have. I'm not surprised though. He wasn't happy about all the criticism last month. Things may not have been perfect, but at least things got done.
Therapist: Absolutely. Back to Doug again. Doesn't he have a cell phone?
Counselor: No idea, I haven't got a number. I can't find his email address either.
Therapist: We'd better call the secretary tomorrow.
Remember: the apostrophe has two uses in English: it represents a missing vowel:
- the o of not
- the a of are (You're, We're, They're)
- the a of am (I'm (I am))
- the ha of have (I've (I have), had If we'd known...)
- the i of is (it's (It is))
- the woul of would: I'd like some more please.
or it represents possession: Sofiane's / Luke's / Zeke's / Mohammed's / the students' notebooks.
a third case in literature: represent missing sounds more generally.
(cf. genitive case)</p>
adverb
Negations of this sort are considered to be adverbs by almost all dictionaries, like the words yes and no. Some Indo-European examples:
- nicht (Germ.)
- non (Lat.)
- pas (Fr.)
- nje (не) (Russ.)
predeterminer
Some deny the existence of determiners (articles, demonstratives, quantifiers), so the idea that a grammatical class such as predeterminers should exist is not always welcomed easily, especially by those who teach what is known in France as la grammaire scolaire.
- Not a one
- Not everybody
- not some time later (6m examples at Google, not a few of which are difficult to evaluate grammatically)
- not a few of which
- not the least of which
In any case, it is clear that the boundaries between adverbs and determination in the noun phrase (particularly deictic determination: today, tomorrow, this, that) are relatively fuzzy. At least four of the examples would clearly seem to be noun phrases.