Difference between revisions of "Have"

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(perfect aspect)
(full verb)
 
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=light verb=
 
=light verb=
"Have" est un verbe (comme ''get'', ''put'', ''make'', etc.) qui peut remplacer d'autres verbes plus précis dans le langage courant. Ci-dessous des exemples typiques des phrases où "having X" serait plus fréquemment utilisé dans la langue de tous les jours que les verbes plus précis pour décrire l'activité, tel <i>eating, inviting, carrying, or experiencing</i>.
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"Have" est un verbe (comme ''get'', ''put'', ''make'', etc.) qui peut remplacer d'autres verbes plus précis dans le langage courant. Ci-dessous des exemples typiques des phrases où "having X" serait plus fréquemment utilisé pour décrire une activité telle que <i>eating, inviting, giving birth, or experiencing</i>.
  
 
*We're having tuna casserole tonight.
 
*We're having tuna casserole tonight.
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*I'm having a baby.
 
*I'm having a baby.
 
*I'm having contractions.
 
*I'm having contractions.
 
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*<span style="color:#888;font-variant:small-caps;">overheard on 1 January</span>: "No, seriously, I had a bath last year."
The above are all events, though because <i>be + ing</i> represents either current or future time in 1-3, only the 4th examples necessarily refers to an event that is taking place as the speaker speaks.
 
  
 
Some further examples:
 
Some further examples:
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**<span style="color:darkred;">... get</span>ting paid.
 
**<span style="color:darkred;">... get</span>ting paid.
  
=perfect aspect=
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=full verb=
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 +
"have" is used both for the idea of "possession" / "ownership" (I have a house.) and the notion of "being the seat of" (I have a headache.  I don't have a clue.).  This second meaning  is less common in English than in French.  (Cf.  ''avoir faim'', ''avoir froid'', ''avoir mal'', tous traduit par '''be''' en anglais)
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*Il est toujours correct d'employer l'auxiliaire '''do''' avec le verbe plein "have".
 +
*Il est rarement correct de s'en passer.  (sauf dans un registre très recherché ou poétique... e.g. I haven't enough mittens for all of my kittens!)
 +
 
 +
=Perfect aspect=
  
 
"Have" is the auxiliary for the so-called perfect tenses.  In the perfect the main verb is in the past participle form, e.g. driven, written, bought, seen, been, etc.
 
"Have" is the auxiliary for the so-called perfect tenses.  In the perfect the main verb is in the past participle form, e.g. driven, written, bought, seen, been, etc.
  
:past perfect:  had driven
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:past perfect:  <span style="color:#4D0000;">had driven</span>
:present perfect: has driven (3s), have driven (1s/p, 2s/p, 3p)
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:present perfect: <span style="color:#4D0000;">has driven</span> (3s), <span style="color:#4D0000;">have driven</span> (1s/p, 2s/p, 3p)
:future perfect:  will have driven
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:future perfect:  <span style="color:#4D0000;">will have driven</span>
  
:perfect infinitive:  (to) have driven
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:perfect infinitive:  (to) <span style="color:#4D0000;">have driven</span>
:perfect participle:  having driven   
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:perfect participle:  <span style="color:#4D0000;">having driven</span>    
  
 
L'aspect "perfectif" est employé pour faire le bilan jusqu'à un point de répère dans le temps, e.g.
 
L'aspect "perfectif" est employé pour faire le bilan jusqu'à un point de répère dans le temps, e.g.
  
*I '''have''' (still) never '''been''' to Italy.  (''Je ne suis toujours pas allé(e) en Italie.'')
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*I <span style="color:#4D0000;">have</span> (still) never <span style="color:#4D0000;">been</span> to Italy.  <span style="font-size:x-small;">''Je ne suis toujours pas allé(e) en Italie.''</span>
*I '''had''' never '''been''' to Italy before I went last Easter.  (''Je n'avais jamais mis les en Italie, avant d'y être allé(e) pour Pâques.'')
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*I <span style="color:#4D0000;">had</span> never <span style="color:#4D0000;">been</span> to Italy before I went last Easter.  <span style="font-size:x-small;">''Je n'avais jamais mis les pieds en Italie, avant d'y être allé(e) pour Pâques.''</span>
*I '''will have finished''' by Monday.  (''J'aurai terminé lundi.'')
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*I <span style="color:#4D0000;">will have finished</span> by Monday.  <span style="font-size:x-small;">''J'aurai terminé lundi.''</span>
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=Obligation=
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When combined with the function word ''to'' + <span style="font-variant:small-caps;color:#402;">Verb</span>, ''have'' functions as a marker of obligation.
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:<span style="color:#402;font-variant:small-caps;">present</span>: has to V /<span style="color:#060;">hæstə'verb</span>/ (3s);
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::::  have to V /<span style="color:#060;">hæftə'verb</span>/ (1st s, pl; 2nd s, pl; 3rd pl)
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:<span style="color:#402;font-variant:small-caps;">past</span>: had to V  /<span style="color:#060;">hædtə'verb</span>/
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:<span style="color:#402;font-variant:small-caps;">future</span>: 'll have to V /<span style="color:#060;">(ə)lhæftə'verb</span>/
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<br><hr>
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::<p style="font-size:70%;"><i>Cf.</i> &nbsp;&nbsp;  [[WS:haveto|Worksheet on <i>have to</i>]]</p>
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=Causative=
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 +
:have <span style="color:darkgreen;font-variant:small-caps;">so</span> do <span style="color:darkgreen;font-variant:small-caps;">sth</span>
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::I had my brother call the tax office.  (i.e.  my brother called the tax office because I asked him to.)
 +
::I had the intern cover the city council meeting (i.e. I sent the intern (''stagiaire'') to report on the city council meeting.)
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:have <span style="color:darkgreen;font-variant:small-caps;">sth</span> done
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::I had my hair colored.
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::I had my car serviced.  (by a registered mechanic)
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 +
 
  
=obligation=
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[[Category:100-en]]

Latest revision as of 05:50, 26 May 2020

Forms

  • dictionary form (bare infinitive): have
  • present tense: has (3s), have (1s/p, 2s/p, 3p)
  • past tense: had


  • present participle: having
  • past participle: had

light verb

"Have" est un verbe (comme get, put, make, etc.) qui peut remplacer d'autres verbes plus précis dans le langage courant. Ci-dessous des exemples typiques des phrases où "having X" serait plus fréquemment utilisé pour décrire une activité telle que eating, inviting, giving birth, or experiencing.

  • We're having tuna casserole tonight.
  • They're having us over for dinner.
  • I'm having a baby.
  • I'm having contractions.
  • overheard on 1 January: "No, seriously, I had a bath last year."

Some further examples:

  • We're having (some) trouble ... Ving
    • ... meeting the production schedule.
    • ... getting paid.

full verb

"have" is used both for the idea of "possession" / "ownership" (I have a house.) and the notion of "being the seat of" (I have a headache. I don't have a clue.). This second meaning is less common in English than in French. (Cf. avoir faim, avoir froid, avoir mal, tous traduit par be en anglais)

  • Il est toujours correct d'employer l'auxiliaire do avec le verbe plein "have".
  • Il est rarement correct de s'en passer. (sauf dans un registre très recherché ou poétique... e.g. I haven't enough mittens for all of my kittens!)

Perfect aspect

"Have" is the auxiliary for the so-called perfect tenses. In the perfect the main verb is in the past participle form, e.g. driven, written, bought, seen, been, etc.

past perfect: had driven
present perfect: has driven (3s), have driven (1s/p, 2s/p, 3p)
future perfect: will have driven
perfect infinitive: (to) have driven
perfect participle: having driven

L'aspect "perfectif" est employé pour faire le bilan jusqu'à un point de répère dans le temps, e.g.

  • I have (still) never been to Italy. Je ne suis toujours pas allé(e) en Italie.
  • I had never been to Italy before I went last Easter. Je n'avais jamais mis les pieds en Italie, avant d'y être allé(e) pour Pâques.
  • I will have finished by Monday. J'aurai terminé lundi.

Obligation

When combined with the function word to + Verb, have functions as a marker of obligation.

present: has to V /hæstə'verb/ (3s);
have to V /hæftə'verb/ (1st s, pl; 2nd s, pl; 3rd pl)
past: had to V /hædtə'verb/
future: 'll have to V /(ə)lhæftə'verb/


Cf.    Worksheet on have to

Causative

have so do sth
I had my brother call the tax office. (i.e. my brother called the tax office because I asked him to.)
I had the intern cover the city council meeting (i.e. I sent the intern (stagiaire) to report on the city council meeting.)
have sth done
I had my hair colored.
I had my car serviced. (by a registered mechanic)