Difference between revisions of "Be"

From Creolista!
Jump to: navigation, search
(Forms)
(Forms)
 
(35 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
Avertissement:  cette page est destiné à un analyse grammatical du mot "be" :P
+
Avertissement:  cette page est destiné à un analyse grammatical du mot "be" 🔌
 
 
 
 
 
=Forms=
 
=Forms=
  
<ul>
 
<li>dictionary form (bare infinitive): <span style="color:#4D0000;">be</span></li>
 
<li>present tense:  <span style="color:#4D0000;">am</span> (1s), <span style="color:#4D0000;">is</span> (3s), <span style="color:#4D0000;">are</span> (1p, 2s/p, 3p)</li>
 
<li>past tense: <span style="color:#4D0000;">was</span> (1s, 3s), <span style="color:#4D0000;">were</span> (1p, 2s/p, 3p)</li>
 
</ul>
 
<br>
 
<ul>
 
<li>present participle: <span style="color:#4D0000;">being</span></li>
 
<li>past participle: <span style="color:#4D0000;">been</span></li>
 
</ul>
 
  
=Major Uses=
+
*present tense:  <span style="color:#4D0000;">am</span> (1s), <span style="color:#4D0000;">is</span> (3s), <span style="color:#4D0000;">are</span> (1p, 2s/p, 3p)
 +
*past tense: <span style="color:#4D0000;">was</span> (1s, 3s), <span style="color:#4D0000;">were</span> (1p, 2s/p, 3p)
  
Most fundamentally <i>be</i> is a coupler.  It connects two ideas.  Let's start with this basic understanding and look at what it couples:
+
*present participle: <span style="color:#4D0000;">being</span>
 +
*past participle: <span style="color:#4D0000;">been</span>
  
=copula: syntax=
+
*''present'' infinitive / imperative / subjunctive: <span style="color:#4D0000;">be</span>
 +
*''past'' infinitive: <span style="color:#4D0000;">have been</span>
 +
*''past'' subjunctive <sup style="font-size:xx-small;">1</sup>: <span style="color:#4D0000;">were</span>
  
En semantique on parlerait plutôt de sa fonction, qui est souvent de lier un sujet à un attribut ou un ensemble (ou l'invers)...
+
<sup style="font-size:xx-small;">1</sup> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="color:#4D0000;">be</span> is the only verb in English that has a distinctive subjunctive form, and this is only in the past tense.  Cf.  "If I were a rich man... " [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RBHZFYpQ6nc| 🎻 ]</span>
<ol>
 
  
<li>It's a worktool. (NP)</li>
+
=Major Uses=
<li>A worktool, is it?</li><br>
 
 
 
<li>The door is open. (Adj)</li>
 
<li>They're sick.</li><br>
 
  
<li>The machine is breaking.  (You can hear it.)  (Present Participle)
+
Most fundamentally ''be'' is a copula.  (NP = noun phrase (''syntagme nominal''))
<li>The machine is broken.  (Past participle)</li><br>
 
  
<li>Is Raymond in? (Particle)</li>
+
*<span style="color:darkblue;font-variant:small-caps;">NP '''is''' NP:</span''She is the boss.''
<li>Mark isn't. (negation) (VP ellipsis)</li><br>
+
*<span style="color:darkblue;font-variant:small-caps;">NP '''is''' AdjP:</span> ''The cat's paws are muddy.''
 +
*<span style="color:darkblue;font-variant:small-caps;">NP '''is''' PP:</span>  ''Your keys are on the table.''
 +
*<span style="color:darkblue;font-variant:small-caps;">NP '''is''' Particle:</span> ''The sun is up.  The network was down.  The doctor may be in.''
  
<li>These ideas aren't mine.  (sujet parlant est bizarrement attribut du sujet grammatical)</li><br>
+
*introduces present & past <span style="color:darkgreen;font-weight:bold;font-variant:small-caps;">participles</span>
 +
:*present participle (<span style="color:darkblue;font-variant:small-caps;">-ing</span>)
 +
:::The present participle can be interpreted as a verb, a noun (usually called a gerund), or an adjective.
  
<li>Were they <u>to lose the lawsuit</u>, they would probably go bankrupt. (Infintival expressing a condition)<br>
+
:::*He was writing. (V)
<li>They were to lose in the end. (infinitival expressing a historical fact known to the storyteller)
+
:::*This is (his) writing. (N)
</ol>
+
:::*It is interesting. (Adj)
  
=introduces partiples and participials=
+
:::Only the first is considered ''verbal''.
  
==continuous / progressive (be + -<i>ing</i>)==
+
:::The use of be + ing usually implies that the speaker is putting the listener in the middle of the action (''in medias res''):  the speaker or writer is like a '''filmmaker''' recording an action.  Alternately, it can indicate a series of occurrences. 
  
Much has been said about this active voice tense.  Present tense participles following the copula are common.  The participle can be interpreted as a verb, a noun (usually called a gerund), or an adjective.
+
:::<span style="font-size:small;"><span style="color:darkblue;font-variant:small-caps;">be + -ing</span> derives historically from <span style="color:darkblue;font-variant:small-caps;">be + on + <i>-ing</i></span></span>
  
*He was writing.  (V)
+
:*past participle (<span style="color:darkblue;font-variant:small-caps;">-en / -ed</span>)
*This is (his) writing. (N)
+
:::The past participle is more like a photograph than a movie. Together with <span style="color:darkblue;font-variant:small-caps;">be</span>, it forms the passive voice.  
*It is interesting. (Adj)
 
  
Only the first is considered verbal.
+
:::*Lincoln and Kennedy were both assassinated.
 +
:::*Everything was frozen.
 +
:::*It was golden.  (cf. adjectives like ''wooden, rotten'')
  
The terms "continuous" and "progressive" are both inappropriate in some ways. The use of be + ing usually implies that the speaker is putting the listener in the middle of the action "in medias res": the speaker or writer is like a filmmaker recording an action.  Alternately, it can indicate a series of occurrences.
+
:::The mediopassive can be formed with <span style="color:darkblue;font-variant:small-caps;">get</span>.
 +
:::*My parents <span style="color:darkgreen;font-variant:small-caps;">got</span> <s><span style="font-size:x-small;color:gray;">(already)</span></s> married in 1968.
 +
:::*My parents <span style="color:darkblue;font-variant:small-caps;">were</span> <span style="font-size:x-small;color:gray;">(already)</span> married in 1980..
 +
:::*My parents <span style="color:darkblue;font-variant:small-caps;">are</span> <span style="font-size:x-small;color:gray;">(still)</span> married in 2019.
  
The term is however historically justified because <i>be + -ing</i> derives etymologically from <span style="color:goldenrod;">be + on + <i>-ing</i></span>
+
*introduces various modal structures with (<span style="color:darkblue;font-variant:small-caps;">to</span>)
 +
:*<span style="color:darkblue;font-variant:small-caps;">be <span style="font-size:x-small;color:gray;">un</span><span style="color:indigo;">'''able'''</span> to</span> {<span style="color:darkgrey;font-variant:small-caps;">verb</span>} -- ''être capable de'', ''pouvoir''
 +
:*<span style="color:darkblue;font-variant:small-caps;">be <span style="color:indigo;">'''about'''</span> to</span> {<span style="color:darkgrey;font-variant:small-caps;">verb</span>} --  ''être sur le point de''
 +
:*<span style="color:darkblue;font-variant:small-caps;">be <span style="color:indigo;">'''easy'''</span> to</span> {<span style="color:darkgrey;font-variant:small-caps;">verb</span>} -- ''être facile (de / à)''
 +
:*<span style="color:darkblue;font-variant:small-caps;">be <span style="color:indigo;">'''difficult'''</span> to</span> {<span style="color:darkgrey;font-variant:small-caps;">verb</span>} --  ''être difficile (de / à)''
 +
:*<span style="color:darkblue;font-variant:small-caps;">be <span style="font-size:x-small;color:gray;">un</span><span style="color:indigo;">'''likely'''</span> to</span> {<span style="color:darkgrey;font-variant:small-caps;">verb</span>} -- ''être probable que''
 +
:*<span style="color:darkblue;font-variant:small-caps;">be <span style="color:indigo;">'''supposed'''</span> to</span> {<span style="color:darkgrey;font-variant:small-caps;">verb</span>} -- ''être censé''
 +
:*<span style="color:darkblue;font-variant:small-caps;">be <span style="font-size:x-small;color:gray;">un</span><span style="color:indigo;">'''willing'''</span> to</span> {<span style="color:darkgrey;font-variant:small-caps;">verb</span>} -- ''vouloir bien''
  
==passive voice marker (be + -<i>en</i>)==
 
  
*Lincoln and Kennedy were both assassinated.
 
*Everything was frozen.
 
*It was golden.  (ADJ, (predicate adjective))
 
  
  
  
 
[[Category:100-en]]
 
[[Category:100-en]]

Latest revision as of 21:08, 23 December 2019

Avertissement: cette page est destiné à un analyse grammatical du mot "be" 🔌

Forms

  • present tense: am (1s), is (3s), are (1p, 2s/p, 3p)
  • past tense: was (1s, 3s), were (1p, 2s/p, 3p)
  • present participle: being
  • past participle: been
  • present infinitive / imperative / subjunctive: be
  • past infinitive: have been
  • past subjunctive 1: were

1 be is the only verb in English that has a distinctive subjunctive form, and this is only in the past tense. Cf. "If I were a rich man... " 🎻

Major Uses

Most fundamentally be is a copula. (NP = noun phrase (syntagme nominal))

  • NP is NP: She is the boss.
  • NP is AdjP: The cat's paws are muddy.
  • NP is PP: Your keys are on the table.
  • NP is Particle: The sun is up. The network was down. The doctor may be in.
  • introduces present & past participles
  • present participle (-ing)
The present participle can be interpreted as a verb, a noun (usually called a gerund), or an adjective.
  • He was writing. (V)
  • This is (his) writing. (N)
  • It is interesting. (Adj)
Only the first is considered verbal.
The use of be + ing usually implies that the speaker is putting the listener in the middle of the action (in medias res): the speaker or writer is like a filmmaker recording an action. Alternately, it can indicate a series of occurrences.
be + -ing derives historically from be + on + -ing
  • past participle (-en / -ed)
The past participle is more like a photograph than a movie. Together with be, it forms the passive voice.
  • Lincoln and Kennedy were both assassinated.
  • Everything was frozen.
  • It was golden. (cf. adjectives like wooden, rotten)
The mediopassive can be formed with get.
  • My parents got (already) married in 1968.
  • My parents were (already) married in 1980..
  • My parents are (still) married in 2019.
  • introduces various modal structures with (to)
  • be unable to {verb} -- être capable de, pouvoir
  • be about to {verb} -- être sur le point de
  • be easy to {verb} -- être facile (de / à)
  • be difficult to {verb} -- être difficile (de / à)
  • be unlikely to {verb} -- être probable que
  • be supposed to {verb} -- être censé
  • be unwilling to {verb} -- vouloir bien