Difference between revisions of "Not"

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(negation)
(negation)
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=negation=
 
=negation=
*<span style="color:darkblue;">not</span> becomes <span style="color:darkblue;">n't</span> when attached to an auxiliary which is not itself abbreviated.
+
*In spoken English, <span style="color:darkblue;">not</span> becomes <span style="color:darkblue;">n't</span> when attached to an auxiliary which is not itself abbreviated.
 
**I<span style="color:maroon;">'ve not</span> heard much. // I <span style="color:maroon;">haven't</span> heard much.
 
**I<span style="color:maroon;">'ve not</span> heard much. // I <span style="color:maroon;">haven't</span> heard much.
**I<span style="color:maroon;">'m not</span> sure. //  I ain't</span> going. (<i>ain't</i> is fairly widespread colloquial American)
+
**I<span style="color:maroon;">'m not</span> sure. //  I <span style="color:maroon;">ain't</span> going. (<i>ain't</i> is fairly widespread colloquial American)
 
*I personally do not combine <span style="color:darkblue;">n't</span> with <i>may</i> or <i>might</i>, though there is nothing particularly wrong with <span style="color:darkblue;">mightn't</span> even if it is relatively infrequent.  <span style="color:darkblue;">shan't</span> is likewise rare.. (<b>compare at google</b>: <span style="color:darkblue;">couldn't // mayn't // shan't</span>)
 
*I personally do not combine <span style="color:darkblue;">n't</span> with <i>may</i> or <i>might</i>, though there is nothing particularly wrong with <span style="color:darkblue;">mightn't</span> even if it is relatively infrequent.  <span style="color:darkblue;">shan't</span> is likewise rare.. (<b>compare at google</b>: <span style="color:darkblue;">couldn't // mayn't // shan't</span>)
  

Revision as of 15:22, 23 January 2014

negation

  • In spoken English, not becomes n't when attached to an auxiliary which is not itself abbreviated.
    • I've not heard much. // I haven't heard much.
    • I'm not sure. // I ain't going. (ain't is fairly widespread colloquial American)
  • I personally do not combine n't with may or might, though there is nothing particularly wrong with mightn't even if it is relatively infrequent. shan't is likewise rare.. (compare at google: couldn't // mayn't // shan't)
  • Usage rules are fairly strict. In formal writing abbreviations are to be avoided. The only accepted use of the apostrophe in formal writing is generally to indicate the possessive / genitive case. This is a prescriptivist, but pragmatically important, rule to know.

In written dialogue, the apostrophe is nevertheless common. An example:


Counselor: You couldn't have known that Doug wasn't coming.

Therapist: I didn't know; and I wouldn't have re-arranged my schedule if I hadn't thought he would be there.

Counselor: He hasn't been coming to those meetings for several weeks.

Therapist: I won't make the same mistake twice. Next time, if he isn't coming, I ain't going either!

Counselor: We should send the secretary a message Thursday, don't you think, just to confirm?

Therapist: Oh, you mustn't have heard, the secretary resigned yesterday.

Counselor: Oh no, he shouldn't have. I'm not surprised though. He wasn't happy about all the criticism last month. Things may not have been perfect, but at least things got done.

Therapist: Absolutely. Back to Doug again. Doesn't he have a cell phone?

Counselor: I'm not sure, I haven't got a number. I can't find his email address either.


The Therapist's cellphone rings.

Therapist: You're not going to believe this. It's Doug.


. . .


Remember: the apostrophe has two uses in English: it represents a missing sound:

  • the o of not
  • the i of is (it's, he's, she's, something's, there's)
  • the a of are (You're, We're, They're)
  • the a of am (I'm (I am))
  • the ha of have, had (I've got a cold, If I'd known you were sick, ...)
  • the woul of would: (... I'd have brought chocolate. You'd like chocolate, no?)
  • the wi of will: they'll call back.
or it represents possession: Sofiane's / Luke's / Zeke's / Mohammed's / the students' notebooks.

adverb

Negations of this sort are considered to be adverbs by almost all dictionaries, like the words yes and no. Some Indo-European examples:

  • nicht (Germ.)
  • non (Lat.)
  • pas (Fr.)
  • nje (не) (Russ.)

predeterminer

Some deny the existence of determiners (articles, demonstratives, quantifiers), so the idea that a grammatical class such as predeterminers should exist is not always welcomed easily, especially by those who teach what is known in France as la grammaire scolaire.

  • Not a one
  • Not everybody
  • not some time later (6m examples at Google, not a few of which are difficult to evaluate grammatically)
  • not a few of which
  • not the least of which

In any case, it is clear that the boundaries between adverbs and determination in the noun phrase (particularly deictic determination: today, tomorrow, this, that) are relatively fuzzy. At least four of the examples would clearly seem to be noun phrases.