Difference between revisions of "Be"

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(Major Uses)
(Major Uses)
Line 39: Line 39:
  
 
:*past participle (<span style="color:darkblue;font-variant:small-caps;">-en / -ed</span>)
 
:*past participle (<span style="color:darkblue;font-variant:small-caps;">-en / -ed</span>)
:::The past participle is more like a photograph than a movie.
+
:::The past participle is more like a photograph than a movie.  Together with <span style="color:darkblue;font-variant:small-caps;">be</span>, it forms the passive voice.  
  
 
:::*Lincoln and Kennedy were both assassinated.
 
:::*Lincoln and Kennedy were both assassinated.
 
:::*Everything was frozen.  
 
:::*Everything was frozen.  
 
:::*It was golden.  (cf. adjectives like ''wooden, rotten'')
 
:::*It was golden.  (cf. adjectives like ''wooden, rotten'')
 +
 +
:::The mediopassive can be formed with <span style="color:darkblue;font-variant:small-caps;">get</span>.
 +
:::*My parents got <s><span style="font-size:x-small;color:gray;">(already)</span></s> married in 1968.
 +
:::*My parents were <span style="font-size:x-small;color:gray;">(already)</span> married in 1980..
 +
:::*My parents are <span style="font-size:x-small;color:gray;">(still)</span> married in 2019.
  
 
*introduces various modal structures with (<span style="color:darkblue;font-variant:small-caps;">to</span>)
 
*introduces various modal structures with (<span style="color:darkblue;font-variant:small-caps;">to</span>)

Revision as of 10:55, 23 December 2019

Avertissement: cette page est destiné à un analyse grammatical du mot "be" :P


Forms

  • dictionary form (bare infinitive): be
  • present tense: am (1s), is (3s), are (1p, 2s/p, 3p)
  • past tense: was (1s, 3s), were (1p, 2s/p, 3p)


  • present participle: being
  • past participle: been

Major Uses

Most fundamentally be is a copula.

  • Subject is NP: She is the boss.
  • Subject is AdjP: The cat's paws are muddy.
  • Subject is PP: Your keys are on the table.
  • Subject is Particle: The sun is up. The network was down. The doctor may be in.
  • introduces present & past participles
  • present participle (-ing)
The present participle can be interpreted as a verb, a noun (usually called a gerund), or an adjective.
  • He was writing. (V)
  • This is (his) writing. (N)
  • It is interesting. (Adj)
Only the first is considered verbal.
The use of be + ing usually implies that the speaker is putting the listener in the middle of the action (in medias res): the speaker or writer is like a filmmaker recording an action. Alternately, it can indicate a series of occurrences.
be + -ing derives historically from be + on + -ing
  • past participle (-en / -ed)
The past participle is more like a photograph than a movie. Together with be, it forms the passive voice.
  • Lincoln and Kennedy were both assassinated.
  • Everything was frozen.
  • It was golden. (cf. adjectives like wooden, rotten)
The mediopassive can be formed with get.
  • My parents got (already) married in 1968.
  • My parents were (already) married in 1980..
  • My parents are (still) married in 2019.
  • introduces various modal structures with (to)
  • be unable to -- être capable de, pouvoir
  • be about to -- être sur le point de
  • be easy to -- être facile (de / à)
  • be difficult to -- être difficile (de / à)
  • be unlikely to -- être probable que
  • be supposed to -- être censé
  • be unwilling to -- vouloir bien